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Open Access Article

1 - Red Reason and Green Rights: Illuminationist Anthropology and Human Rights
A m

The notion of "Human Rights" encompass the two notions of "man" and "right" and the relationship between the two. This relationship, however, pertains to much theoretical as well as philosophical elaboration. Looking critically at the prevailing conception of this relat More

The notion of "Human Rights" encompass the two notions of "man" and "right" and the relationship between the two. This relationship, however, pertains to much theoretical as well as philosophical elaboration. Looking critically at the prevailing conception of this relationship, namely that of possessive individualism, this paper points to a different conception of such relationship. Using the two metaphors of "Red Reason" for a conception of "man", and "Green Rights" for an emancipatory conception of "right", an Illuminationist (Eshraghi) view of "human rights" is elaborated on. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

2 - The Comparative Review of Reformist and Fundamentalist Currents toward Political Participation of Women in Islamic Republic of Iran (1997-2005)
Mohammad Abedi Ardakani پروین عظیمی

Since the victory of Islamic Republic of Iran up to now, there emerged two significant and effective intellectual and political currents. The first current which could be called from intellectual dimension as “Juristic Islamism Current” and from political dimension as “ More

Since the victory of Islamic Republic of Iran up to now, there emerged two significant and effective intellectual and political currents. The first current which could be called from intellectual dimension as “Juristic Islamism Current” and from political dimension as “Fundamentalism current”, got its climax political power in first and third decades of Islamic Revolution and it still keeps its power today. In contrast, the second current which could be called from intellectual dimension as “religious new thinkers” and from political aspect as the “Reformism current” reached its climax political power in the second decade of Revolution and from then on its is declining. The main purpose of this article is to comparatively review these two currents regarding the issue of women’s rights, particularly in relation to their political participation and its main hypothesis is as follows: “the different intellectual and religious principles of these two currents caused an inconsistency in their position toward the issue of women’s rights, particularly in relation to their political participations. To evaluate this hypothesis, using the descriptive-analytical method, it is tried to review intellectual and religious alphabets of these two currents and compare particularly these two in relation to political participation and family. The findings of this research shows that their attitudes toward the issue of women’s rights have significant differences in one hand, and in other hand, these differences are basically due to their different but inflexible interpretations of religion. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

3 - Iran’s intellectuals in Qajar era and the Transition Possibilityfrom "Government-oriented Pattern" to the "State-oriented Pattern
مهدی کاظمی زمهریر

In the ancient time, the government was at the center of theories, with consideration to the given religious nature of political community and desirable arrangement. By the entrance of modern thoughts into Iranian world in Qajar era, we witnessed the destruction of thes More

In the ancient time, the government was at the center of theories, with consideration to the given religious nature of political community and desirable arrangement. By the entrance of modern thoughts into Iranian world in Qajar era, we witnessed the destruction of these beliefs and the need to rethink about them. The intellectuals were in charge of these affairs. How much they were successful in rethinking of these beliefs? The intellectuals faced with practical obstacles in the inherited beliefs from ancient time. So like the ancient thinkers, they set the right use of political authority as the main subject in their theories, Instead of addressing the foundations of political community and government. However,to rethink political orders and the application of political powers by the government was not possible without knowing about the nature of political community. So with reception of implicit theory about political community and by the use of “common good” and “general rights” by intellectuals, they rethought about dominion theory and the relation between religion and political order and stated a new theory about government. But the result was a gradual tension between the old beliefs and the new beliefs of political order and the appearance of juridical modern political theories. Although these theories tried to resist against new political order, But for the first time, instead of characteristics of an ideal ruler, they had to pay attention to the nature of political community. So the appearance of intellectual thought could put the query of government’s nature and political community in the center of political theories of Iran’s thinkers, and pave the way for gradual transition from "Government-oriented pattern" to the "State-oriented pattern" of political theories. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

4 - The Effect of Globalization on Citizenship Rights in Iran

In the constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran, special attention has been given to the “citizen rights”, so that it disregards color, race, and language as regards these rights. It also requires the government to regard these rights for all its citizens. Now that More

In the constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran, special attention has been given to the “citizen rights”, so that it disregards color, race, and language as regards these rights. It also requires the government to regard these rights for all its citizens. Now that the different aspects of the nations’ life all over the world is apparently being affected by the globalization. Citizen right is one of the domains influenced by globalization. This paper argued that the globalization has a converse relationship with human-participatory` rights , but it has a direct and converse relationship with political and social rights. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

5 - Sovereignty meaning in Hobbes thought according to Hobbes's Interpretation of the Scripture
Hassan Ghasemi Aboulfazl Shakouri

Sovereignty issue has been the topic of long debates where the follow-up of interpretations of this concept in scripture has led to a variety of votes. Thomas Hobbes, the sovereignty theorist, has had a pivotal role in clarifying the relationship between Sovereignty and More

Sovereignty issue has been the topic of long debates where the follow-up of interpretations of this concept in scripture has led to a variety of votes. Thomas Hobbes, the sovereignty theorist, has had a pivotal role in clarifying the relationship between Sovereignty and religion in the early era of modernism by interpreting Scripture based on his scientific method. This article highlights the transformation in the concept of natural rights as a bridge between sovereignty and religion in Hobbes's theory. In addition, this study corresponds to this concept with Hobbes's interpretation of Scripture and, thereby, it is claimed that Hobbes has embedded the main component of his theory, which is social contract, in reading the Scripture. Then, Hobbes interprets it in favor of a powerful ruling authority who is seeking for individuals' peace and security and also the maintaining the individuals' natural rights at large. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

6 - The European Medieval Conception of Citizenship: Individualistic or Collectivistic?
seyed alireza Hoseyni Beheshti

As Europe entered the Middle Ages and the emergence of a Christian otherworldly perspective together with its individualistic and universalistic nature, the view on the Man and his status, both concerning the society and the state, transformed dramatically. The transfor More

As Europe entered the Middle Ages and the emergence of a Christian otherworldly perspective together with its individualistic and universalistic nature, the view on the Man and his status, both concerning the society and the state, transformed dramatically. The transformation had its effects on the conception of citizenship inherited from ancient Greece and Rome. The classical and more or less still dominated view on the history of social and intellectual developments of that period, offers an image according to which the spread of Christianity resulted in merging individuality into the community. Here I try to show, through relying on recent and less biased historical researches, that the classical interpretation that views the period as the fading individualism in favor of a collectivism emerged from the teachings of Christianity, the assimilatory political culture dominated early western modern societies, spring from the Renascence and then Enlightenment rather than the Christian culture. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

7 - The Theory of Resistance in New Constitutional Thought
mohammadreza tajik aref masoudi

20.1001.1.20085796.1398.11.26.8.8

The concept of Resistance as a "right", or as a theory in new tradition is from the rudiments of new constitutional ruling system. However, some consider application as right to be a norm and not a base for political undertaking. Its role as a normative principle remini More

The concept of Resistance as a "right", or as a theory in new tradition is from the rudiments of new constitutional ruling system. However, some consider application as right to be a norm and not a base for political undertaking. Its role as a normative principle reminisces political power limits to rulers, and makes citizens manned with utilities to influence their decisions. The origin of this theory can be traced to the ideas of the most important political philosophers like Thomas Hobbes and John Locke. Hobbes in his theory, de facto, realizes the existence of "focus and some points of resistance" to be sublimating the spirit, but Locke considers the power of the government to be conditioned by the obedience and the practice of rules; in case of disobedience may legitimize the rights of people to revolt and dissolve. Therefore, resistance used to be the natural, ethical, and fundamental right of citizens that can only be resorted in case of breeching or dissolving of the basic principles, or the acquiescing of the majority. This study accounts for the processes of organizing the theory of resistance, based on the "right of resistance" of every member of the society, and considers the thought of constitutional quest as its first theoretical carrier. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

8 - The Concept of Right and Freedom in Talibov's Thought
fardin moradkhani

20.1001.1.20085796.1399.12.28.7.8

Iranian Constitutionalism as an important event of the Iranian new Ages introduces many new concepts to Iranian thought. The concept of right as well as the concept of freedom as two important concepts were put forward by the thinkers of this age and theorized about it. More

Iranian Constitutionalism as an important event of the Iranian new Ages introduces many new concepts to Iranian thought. The concept of right as well as the concept of freedom as two important concepts were put forward by the thinkers of this age and theorized about it. Intellectuals, as one of the groups involved, played a major role in designing these concepts. They were able to acquaint Iranians with many concepts of the new era, such as law, parliament, limitation of power, freedom, equality, constitution, and so on. Talibov Tabrizi's words about the concept of right are more precise than others. Talibov's life outside of Iran and his familiarity with the writings of Western scholars have led him to carefully examine new concepts. He has spoken precisely about many modern concepts. He deals with the basis of law, types of rights, violations of rights, and conflicts of rights. It also calls for freedom as one of the evidences of right and tries to find theoretical foundations for this important demand of Iranian constitutionalism. He has the emphasis on praising freedom, linking it with the right, setting limits on freedom, and the avoidance of chaos. Relying on Talibov's works and using a descriptive-analytical method, this article seeks to examine the question of what is the place and meaning of right in Talibov's thought and what is its relation to freedom. And an attempt has been made to explain his theory of rights and freedoms as two key concepts in Iranian constitutionalism. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

9 - The Right to Human Development
Abbas Manouchehri Mohammad Dashti

20.1001.1.20085796.1400.13.29.4.4

Upcoming doubts and challenges of 'growth theory' for development, and its uncertain pathway over the recent decades, have led to the consideration of the theory of 'human development', with guarantees and provisions such as ' development ethics' and 'the right to dev More

Upcoming doubts and challenges of 'growth theory' for development, and its uncertain pathway over the recent decades, have led to the consideration of the theory of 'human development', with guarantees and provisions such as ' development ethics' and 'the right to development', for realizing the advancement that its object is 'humans' and people. Nevertheless, since these pre-mentioned provisions from Amartya Sen’s standpoint ultimately require an understanding and interpretation of the "human" identity, and in the theory of "human development" this argument does not have the necessary theoretical adequacy, this article has attempted to be an intellectual aide by "existential anthropology" and “the human existential right" in the theory of human development. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

10 - Comparising the components of democracy with the criteria of good governance in the light of international law
Akbar Savari Samaneh Rahmatifar Shahram zarneshan

20.1001.1.20085796.1400.16.30.10.1

The purpose of this study is to explain the components of good governance as indicators of democracy in order to end the divergence of views in understanding democracy from the perspective of the Practical procedure of international law. Good governance is one of the pr More

The purpose of this study is to explain the components of good governance as indicators of democracy in order to end the divergence of views in understanding democracy from the perspective of the Practical procedure of international law. Good governance is one of the prescriptions of international institutions for national systems and democracy is one of the long-standing social aspirations of nations. The research method is descriptive-analytical with a genealogical approach; In this way, after describing democracy and good governance, in terms of their history in international law, the components of good governance as the principles of democracy are measured through the comparative method. The result shows that the components of good governance have the potential to become indicators of the principles of democracy and, by objectifying democracy, make it possible to measure the degree of democratic legitimacy of states in terms of international law; Thus, in international law, a legitimate state is a democratic state, and democracy means the domination of good governance over all relations between citizens and the state. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

11 - The Radical Right and the creation of the imaginary-mythical geography of Europe; Mitchell’s pictorial turn approach
Farideh Mohammad Alipour Mohammad Nassirzadeh

20.1001.1.20085796.1401.17.31.11.1

The Radical Right in European countries has achieved the definition of a mythical self by relying on an imaginary geography and in this process has benefited from those who have sacrificed for their ideals. The research question concerns how radical right groups have af More

The Radical Right in European countries has achieved the definition of a mythical self by relying on an imaginary geography and in this process has benefited from those who have sacrificed for their ideals. The research question concerns how radical right groups have affected the creation of imaginary-mythicalgeography in Europe. The hypothesis which is tested based on Mitchell’s pictorial turn theory is that radical right groups have affected Europe through picture and image recognition to create imaginary-mythical geography and have resulted in the strengthening of their social identity. The results of the study show that the radical right has recognized those who have sacrificed by holding musical and athletic events and in this way have strengthened social identity in imaginary-mythical geography. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

12 - The Duality of Right and Good: From the Old Opposition to the New Combination in Rawls's Theory of Justice
Afshin Habibzadeh reza akbari nori Seyyed Khodayar Mortazavi Asl

Establishing the concept and system of justice has been one of the important subjects of political thought and philosophy and ethics since ancient times. In the history of thought, most of the beliefs about justice have been based on a great idea of good and sometimes t More

Establishing the concept and system of justice has been one of the important subjects of political thought and philosophy and ethics since ancient times. In the history of thought, most of the beliefs about justice have been based on a great idea of good and sometimes they have provided some preliminaries about good from which a system of right and justice can be deduced. However, the opposition between right and good as concepts that lead to two different systems of justice has been one of the important and long-standing topics of political thought. The importance of the discussion is that the conceptual superiority of one over the other can have wide consequences in the socio-political life of a society. In the discussions of contemporaries, the distinction or opposition of these two concepts was at the center of the debate between the schools of consequentialism and dutyism: consequentialists consider good to be the first and right actions are those that lead to good; Duties put the right first, consider it independent of good, and even prohibit the actions leading to good when they are exposed to fundamental moral rules. But John Rawls tried to propose a combination of the concepts of right and good in his theory of justice in such a way that right can be deduced from the ideas of good, and good is subject to the justice system as a branch of the concept of right. John Rawls's system of justice is a political system based on a political conception of justice that tries to provide an explanation of the requirements for realizing the greatest possible freedom and equality for the citizens of a democratic society. In fact, this structure can be considered as the "rule of law" which both enables the freedom of citizens to pursue their own good and sets limits for it so as not to violate the principles of justice. Manuscript profile

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